{"product_id":"the-culture-sectarianism-community-history-and-violence-nineteenth","title":"The culture of sectarianism: community, history, and violence in nineteenth-century Ottoman Lebanon","description":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOverview of Sectarianism in Ottoman Lebanon\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eUssama Makdisi analyzes how sectarianism in Ottoman Lebanon was an expression of modernity that transcended physical boundaries. His research refutes the view that sectarian violence was solely an Islamic reaction to Western influence or the result of social inequality.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKey Insights\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cul\u003e\u003cli\u003eThe religious conflicts and massacres of 1860 were complex and layered expressions of modernization, not primitive reactions.\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eSectarianism was deliberately deployed to mobilize religious identities for political and societal purposes.\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eThe reform movement from 1839 and European influence accelerated the dissolution of the traditional social order in Lebanon, in which religious differences were bridged.\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cli\u003eEuropean colonialism, Orientalist ideas, and both Ottoman and local nationalist movements used narratives about sectarianism to support their own visions of modernity and development projects.\u003c\/li\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003c\/ul\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelevance and Applicability\u003c\/strong\u003e\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMakdisi's work is essential for understanding the current Lebanese society and contributes to broader discussions on the role of religious discourses in the formation and breakdown of social and national identities in the modern world.\u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis text is suitable for self-study, education, and professional purposes at an advanced language level (C1–C2). Intertaal guarantees fast and reliable delivery of this learning material.\u003c\/p\u003e","brand":"Intertaal","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":53951054774612,"sku":"9780520218468","price":31.95,"currency_code":"EUR","in_stock":true}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0967\/0538\/0692\/files\/the-culture-sectarianism-community-history-and-violence-nineteenth-483_d04b77e7-d50a-4d29-8267-e40ec661f588.webp?v=1776919683","url":"https:\/\/intertaalid.nl\/en\/products\/the-culture-sectarianism-community-history-and-violence-nineteenth","provider":"Intertaal","version":"1.0","type":"link"}